Information service of the Pontifical Mission Societies since 1927
dalla Rivista Illustrata della Esposizione Missionaria Vaticana
by Fabio Beretta
Vatican City (Agenzia Fides) – Books, black and white photographs, artifacts from deserts and tropical rainforests. Letters with testimonies and accounts of excursions to impenetrable and inaccessible areas, along with bird and reptile eggs. The Vatican Missionary Exposition, held exactly one hundred years ago, offered a fascinating tour of the cultural diversity and universality of the Church's mission. In 1925, on the occasion of the Jubilee, the Vatican Gardens hosted this great exhibition, which attracted pilgrims and visitors from all over the world. The exhibition not only reflected the richness of cultures and geographies, but also the universal scope of the mission of liberation and salvation entrusted by Christ to His Church.
The initiative was promoted by Pius XI, who personally financed and supervised the realization of this unprecedented exhibition.
Pope Ratti had been nurturing this idea for some time, and the project took shape in a record time of two years. The compass that guided Pius XI in the creation of the Vatican Missionary Exposition was his deep commitment to missionary work, shared with his predecessor Benedict XV. It was the latter who, in 1919, signed the Apostolic Letter Maximum illud, “on the work of missionaries throughout the world”. Historian André Rétif defined Achille Ratti as "the Pope of the missions" for the decisive impulse he gave to the evangelizing work of the Church of Rome.
That period was marked by numerous initiatives and innovations that reflected the strength, audacity, and creativity of the missionary spirit. In 1926, Pius XI instituted World Mission Sunday, consolidating the Church's universal commitment to evangelization. That same year, at the Janiculum, the transfer of the Pontifical Urbaniana Athenaeum, the precursor to today's Pontifical Urbaniana University, intended for the training of seminarians from mission territories, was completed. A year later, in 1927, Fides Agency was founded, the Church's first missionary agency.
The Vatican Missionary Exposition, inaugurated in 1925, had a clear purpose: "To gather and exhibit in this City, the capital of the world, everything that can shed light on the nature and activity of the Catholic missions, on the places where they operate, in a word, everything related to them," wrote Pius XI himself.
To bring his project to fruition, Pius XI entrusted the organization of the Vatican Missionary Exposition to Dutch Cardinal Willem Marinus Van Rossum, then Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (today the Dicastery for Evangelization – Section for the First Evangelization and the New Particular Churches). Following the Pope's instructions, Van Rossum initially convened, in a consultative capacity, the Procurators and Representatives of the Missionary Institutes residing in Rome. However, the initiative took official status on April 24, 1923, when Pius XI sent him a letter granting him full authority to hold the event. In order to organize the Exposition, Van Rossum created a Steering Committee, which included Angelo Roncalli, who was elected Pope John XXIII in 1958. In addition, a thirty-six-member subcommittee was formed, composed of representatives from various missionary institutes.
Pius XI's decision to promote this event transcended the religious sphere. In a Europe still traumatized by the First World War, the Pope saw in the Exposition a message of hope and a testimony to the role of the Church in a world marked by secularization. Through the Expositions, the Church not only communicated its mission but also sought new forms of expression to bring its message to the contemporary world. The scale of the project was exceptional: enormous resources were allocated to ensure the success of the Vatican Missionary Exposition. Set up in the gardens adjacent to the Vatican Museums, the Exposition pavilions were divided into two large blocks along geographical lines: the Holy Land, America, parts of Asia, and Indochina in the Pine Garden Courtyard; China, Japan, Oceania, and Africa in the adjacent garden. In the Chiaramonti Museum gallery, stands were set up dedicated to the travels, exploits, and stories of all the Missionary Institutes participating in the Expo. In addition, a separate pavilion was dedicated to the theme of hygiene and medicine, highlighting the healthcare work of missionaries. The complex covered an area of approximately 10,000 square meters, with a total of thirty-eight pavilions.
The inauguration took place on December 21, 1924, a few days before the opening of the Holy Door of St. Peter's Basilica, and was presided over by the Pope, accompanied by diplomats and several members of the Roman Curia. It was decided to also publish the "Illustrated Magazine of the Vatican Missionary Exhibition", biweekly: the first issue was published on December 15, 1924. It consisted of a 32-page booklet, richly illustrated and could be purchased for 160 Italian lire.
The main objective of the exhibition was to document the missionary activities and highlight all the apostolic work supported by the Church in mission. In addition to books and artifacts, visitors were also shown maps of the most remote places in the world, along with information compiled by the missionaries on the mineralogy, flora, and fauna of the mission lands.
In one of the pavilions, visitors could consult two complete collections of the magazine “Les Missions Catholiques” and a double collection of the “Annals of the Propagation of the Faith.” These publications, dedicated exclusively to missionary work, composed of 158 volumes, illustrated with more than 15,000 reproductions of sketches, drawings, and photographs sent by the missionaries themselves. The goal was to make known the stories linked to missionary work, the concrete fruits of evangelization, and the numerous testimonies of men and women transformed by their encounter with the Gospel. Furthermore, they sought to awaken solidarity and support, both material and spiritual, for the Church's work in missionary lands. At the same time, these publications served to counter the manipulated representations of critics who attempted to discredit missionary work by labeling it "obscurantism."
A year after the Exposition, and at the request of Pius XI, some 40,000 works were selected from those on display and brought together in the first Missionary Ethnological Museum in history. One hundred years later, many of these works are on display today in the Vatican Museums, in the section entitled "Anima Mundi Ethnological Museum." (F.B.) (Agenzia Fides, 28/3/2025)
